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.Particularly in areas that depend on groundwater forpotable water supply, communities can protect groundwater qualityfrom inappropriate development above the aquifer and around well-heads.In most cases, the amount of development is limited and/or typesof development that might pollute the aquifer (such as some industries)are prohibited.Delineation of Critical Areas.Through the federal coastal zone man-agement program, many states have established the practice of desig-nating critical areas in which special attention is paid to environmentalpreservation efforts.Some cities and counties also use this method ofdefining important areas for detailed planning and special managementconsiderations.Most commonly, sensitive coastal environments are des-ignated as critical areas in which development should be permitted onlyunder special circumstances.Mitigation of Development Impacts.Protection is not necessarily an all-or-nothing approach.Many regulations allow some development in nat-ural resource or environmentally sensitive areas if the threatened re- GROWTH MANAGEMENT APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES 47source can be largely preserved.Requirements to cluster developmentin and around rural settlements, for example, reduce the amount of landtaken from agricultural use and intrusions in farming activities.Set-asides or reservations to retain significant natural features or highlyvaluable sensitive lands within development sites can allow some devel-opment.It is also possible to define in advance of potential developmentconservation areas that should be preserved.Use of mitigation banks topermit off-site replacement of environmentally sensitive lands underhighly controlled circumstances is a growing practice.Agricultural Land Protection.A variety of techniques are used to pro-tect agricultural land from conversion to urban uses.Agricultural dis-tricts can be formed by farmers who wish to continue farming.Thedistricts prevent sale of land for other purposes and retain tax assess-ments at levels suitable for agriculture.Right-to-farm laws protect farm-ers from nuisance suits and other problems raised by suburban residentsliving near farms who complain about noise, odors, and other accompa-niments of agricultural activities.Agricultural zoning retains agricultureand associated uses as the primary permitted uses.Watershed Planning and Management.River basin planning and man-agement activities take place in many areas.Public agencies chargedwith watershed management attempt to guide land use to protect waterquality, reduce flooding damage, and support water-related economicand recreational activities.The agencies accomplish these ends primar-ily through planning and educational efforts.Environmental Threshold Standards.Some communities have estab-lished  threshold standards for environmental qualities that determinewhen and where development may take place.Such standards are simi-lar to a  carrying capacity approach, in which the capabilities of theland, air, and water to absorb urban development are critical determi-nants of planned growth.Reasonable standards are established on acommunitywide basis for air and water quality, energy consumption,preservation of important natural features, and other aspects of the en-vironment.Proposed developments are not permitted to impact envi-ronmental qualities beyond the threshold standards.Techniques for Efficient Provisionof Community InfrastructureOne of the keys to growth management is managing the provision of pub-lic facilities and services that support community development.Com-prehensive plans and zoning ordinances lay out a framework of develop- 48 2.GROWTH MANAGEMENT APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUESment that presumably is responsive to the availability and efficiency ofexpanding infrastructure systems, including streets, water and sewerlines, schools, libraries, parks, and other common facilities.Subdivisionregulations require developers to provide most or all of the facilitiesneeded to support their projects.Capital improvement programs estab-lish a schedule and funding basis for extending and improving facilitysystems.If well linked, coordinated, and constantly updated, these waysof managing infrastructure can be effective.Yet many communities findthat they must rely on other means to ensure that infrastructure devel-opment corresponds to other aspects of community development, espe-cially in meeting funding requirements.Many communities use some orall of the following techniques for these purposes.Functional Plans.Many comprehensive plans incorporate or are sup-plemented by functional plans for the various community infrastructuresystems.The plans spell out in detail the community s current inventoryand standards for schools, roads, parks, and other facilities; project fu-ture needs for expanding and improving them; and indicate priorities oflocation and timing for their provision.In many cases, these plans arekey guides to the location and sequencing of future community develop-ment.Adequate Public Facility Requirements.These regulations require thatpublic facilities are adequate to support proposed projects before build-ing or subdivision permits are issued.First suggested as early as 1955,adequate facilities provisions are emerging as one of the most commonforms of growth management [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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