Elizabeth Poskitt, Laurel Edmunds Management of Childhood Obesity (2008)

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.Weaning and adolescence are ages when diet and activity are criticalperiods for learning healthy behaviours.Healthy practices that can besustained into later life should be encouraged.Communities can do much to improve the local environment in ways thatwill benefit health and help prevent obesity in the process: joined-uppublic transport; cycle tracks; safe footpaths; play areas, playing fields andyouth clubs which are supervised, safe and attractive.Schools have a significant role in the prevention of overweight if they areallowed to devote the necessary time to educate and implement advice onactivity and food availability, perhaps supported through the HealthySchools Programme.Local food outlets and major supermarkets have a significant role inreducing the promotion of HFSS foods; using understandable foodlabelling systems which indicate energy dense, HFSS foods; making freshfruit and vegetables available at affordable prices; providing low energyversions of traditional foods.Governments have a major role in warning the public of the risks ofpursuing certain lifestyles.Governments need to facilitate overweight prevention through encour-aging and financially supporting facilities and training for professionalswho are trying to manage and prevent overweight.Those concerned with childhood overweight need to recognize they will beseen as role models and advocates for positive change.ReferencesAdam-Perrot, A., Clifton, P., Brouns, F., 2006.Low-carbohydrate diets: nutritionaland physiological aspects.Obes.Rev., 7, 49 58.Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Whitt, M.C., Irwin, M.L., Swartz, A.M., Strath, S.J.,O Brien, W.L., Bassett, D.R.Jr, Schmitz, K.H., Emplaincourt, P.O., Jacobs,D.R.Jr, Leon, A.S., 2000.Compendium of physical activities: an update of activitycodes and MET intensities.Med.Sci.Sports Exerc., 32, S498 504.Alberti, G.K., Zimmet, P., Shaw, J., IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group,2005.The metabolic syndrome: a new worldwide definition.Lancet, 366, 1059 62.Alton, D., Adab, P., Roberts, L., Barrett, T., 2007.Relationship between walking levelsand perceptions of the local neighbourhood environment.Arch.Dis.Child., 92,29 33.Alvina, M., Araya, H., 2004.Rapid carbohydrate digestion rate produced lesser shortterm satiety in obese preschool children.Eur.J.Clin.Nutr., 58, 637 42.American Thoracic Society, 1999.Cardiorespiratory sleep studies in children.Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med., 160, 1381 7.Anderson, A.S., 2002.Lifestyle interventions: how joined up are we? 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Int.J.Obes., 30, 1025 6.Augustin, L.S., Francechi, S., Jenkins, D.J.A., Kendall, C.W.C., La Vecchia, C., 2002.Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review.Eur.J.Clin.Nutr., 556, 1049 71.Avenell, A., Sattar, N., Lean, M., 2006.Management: Part 1 Behaviour change, dietand activity.Br.Med.J., 333, 740 3.Baird, J., Fisher, D., Lucas, P., Kleijnen, J., Roberts, H., Law, C., 2005.Being bigor growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity.Br.Med.J., 331, 929 31.188References 189Barker, D.J.P., 1994.Mothers, Babies and Disease in later life.London: BMJ Press.Beevers, G., Lip, G.Y.H., O Brien, P.E., 2001.Blood pressure measurement: Part II Conventional sphygmomanometry: technique of auscultatory blood pressuremeasurement.Br.Med.J., 322, 1043 7.Belamarich, P.F., Luder, E., Kattan, M., Mitchell, H., Islam, S., Lynn, H., Crain, E.F.,2000.Do obese inner-city children with asthma have more symptoms thannonobese children with asthma? Pediatrics, 106, 1436 41.Benton, D., 2004.Role of parents in the determination of the food preferences ofchildren and the development of obesity.Int.J.Obes., 28, 858 69.Bergmann, K.E., Bergmann, R.L., von Kries, R., B�hm, O., Richter, R., Dudenhausen,J.W., Wahn, U., 2003.Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity ina birth cohort study: risk of breast feeding.Int.J.Obes., 27, 162 72.Biddle, S.J., Gorely, T., Stensel, D.J., 2004.Health-enhancing physicalactivity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents.J.Sports Sci., 22, 679 01.Birch, L.L., Davison, K.K., 2001.Family environmental factors influencing thedeveloping behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight.Pediatr.Clin.North Am., 48, 893 907.Birch, L.L., Fisher, J.O., 1998.Development of eating behaviours among children andadolescents.Pediatrics, 101, 539 49.Bjorntorp, P., 2001.Thrifty genes and human obesity: are we chasing ghosts? Lancet,358, 1006 8.Bodurtha, J.N., Mosteller, M., Hewitt, J.K., Nance, W.E., Eaves, L.J., Moskowitz,W.B., Katz, S., Schicken, R.M., 1990.Genetic analysis of anthropometric measuresin 11-year-old twins: the Medical College of Virginia Twin Study.Pediatr.Res., 28,1 4.Bogardus, C., Lillioja, S., Ravussin, E., Abbott, W., Zawadzki, J.K., Young, A.,Knowler, W.C., Jacobowitz, R., Moll, P.P., 1986.Familial dependency of restingmetabolic rate.New Engl.J.Med., 315, 96 100.Bogin, B., 1999.Patterns of Human Growth, 2nd edn.Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press.B�rjeson, M., 1976.The aetiology of obesity in children: a study of 101 twin pairs.Acta Paediatr.Scand., 65, 279 87.Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Despr�s, J.-P., Nadeau, A., Lupein, P.J., Th�riault, G.,Dussault, J., Moorjani, S., Pinault, S., Fournier, G., 1990 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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