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[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.These attacks were spectacularly successful, resulting in the first major break of the trenchlines since 1914.By May, the Germans once again came within forty miles of Paris.WithGerman long-range shells raining down on them, one million people fled in panic.The German spring offensives in 1918 ensured that the Americans did more thantrain with the French and British; they fought alongside them as well.AlthoughPershing had repeatedly resisted Allied demands to amalgamate American troops per-manently into their armies, he realized that how close the Allies were to losing the war.Accordingly, on 28 March 1918, Pershing went to Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the newlyappointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies on the Western Front and told himthat in light of the seriousness of the situation,  all that we have is yours; use them asyou wish. 23 For the next two months American troops occupied quiet sectors of theWestern Front to free veteran French troops for the defense of Paris.Finally, from 28 31May the First Division fought in the first offensive American action of the war atCantigny, the farthest point of the German thrust toward Paris.In this battle, theAmericans succeeded in seizing a plateau that gave the Allies an improved view ofenemy movements.This first taste of active operations tempered any illusions aboutcombat among these troops.After the battle, exhausted troops  could only stagger back,hollow-eyed with sunken cheeks, and if one stopped for a moment he would fallasleep, one colonel recalled.24 The Second Division also played a key role in haltingthe German drive towards Paris at Chateau-Thierry by re-capturing Belleau Wood andVaux.The appearance of Americans in battle at Cantigny and Chateau-Thierry provid-ed a psychological boost for the Allied side and a corresponding fear in Germany thattime was running out.The initiative still lay with the German Army, however.In July the Germans launchedtheir fifth and last offensive at Rheims.American troops fought alongside French and 18 WORLD WAR IMoroccan troops in the Second Battle of the Marne to stymie the advance.Pershing tookparticular pride in the counterattack at Soissons, which he considered the turning point ofthe war because the Germans never regained the initiative.The rout by British, Canadian,and Australian troops near Amiens on 8 August 1918 in which Allied soldiers penetratedfive miles into German lines confirmed that the German spring offensives had failed.American reinforcements were beginning to make a mark, funneling fresh troops intothe battle just as the Germans had exhausted their reserves.With the German advanceshalted, the Allies now initiated a series of counterattacks over the summer that graduallypushed the Germans back to the original trench line by September.The American soldierswho received their initiation to combat during these battles experienced a type of fightingthat bore little resemblance to the previous three years of trench deadlock.As they pressedthe Germans into retreat, American and Allied troops did not pause to create permanenttrenches.Instead, troops hastily dug shallow holes to provide immediate cover with theexpectation of abandoning them as the general drive forward continued.The American Sector of the Western FrontDuring these counter-offensives, American Divisions fought under the command ofthe French and British, where some remained for the duration of the war.At the end ofAugust, however, Pershing recalled most of his troops to occupy the newly designatedAmerican sector of the Western Front.In September, the American First Army attackedthe Germans holding the St.Mihiel salient, a bulge of German-held land jutting intoAllied lines.This area was strategically important because German troops could use itto launch another attack on Verdun, as they had in 1916.With the help of over onehundred thousand French troops providing artillery and air support and guarding theflanks of the American Army, half a million American soldiers fought to push theGermans out of this salient that they had held since 1914 to straighten out the Alliedline [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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